CategoriesFixture.php

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<?php
namespace Magento\Setup\Fixtures;

use Magento\Catalog\Model\Category;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\CategoryFactory;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\Category\CollectionFactory;
use Magento\Store\Model\StoreManager;

class CategoriesFixture extends Fixture
{
    private $storeManager;

    private $categoryFactory;

    private $collectionFactory;

    private $firstLevelCategoryIndex;

    private $rootCategoriesIds;

    private $categoriesNumber;

    private $maxNestingLevel;

    public function __construct(
        FixtureModel $fixtureModel,
        StoreManager $storeManager,
        CategoryFactory $categoryFactory,
        CollectionFactory $collectionFactory
    ) {
        parent::__construct($fixtureModel);
        $this->storeManager = $storeManager;
        $this->categoryFactory = $categoryFactory;
        $this->collectionFactory = $collectionFactory;
    }

    protected $priority = 20;

    public function execute()
    {
        $this->categoriesNumber = $this->getCategoriesAmount();
        if (!$this->categoriesNumber) {
            return;
        }
        $this->maxNestingLevel = $this->fixtureModel->getValue('categories_nesting_level', 3);

        $categoriesNumberOnLevel = abs(ceil(pow($this->categoriesNumber, 1 / $this->maxNestingLevel) - 2));
        foreach ($this->getRootCategoriesIds() as $parentCategoryId) {
            $category = $this->categoryFactory->create();
            $category->load($parentCategoryId);
            // Need for generation url rewrites per all category store view
            $category->setStoreId(\Magento\Store\Model\Store::DEFAULT_STORE_ID);
            $categoryIndex = 1;
            $this->generateCategories(
                $category,
                $categoriesNumberOnLevel,
                1,
                $categoryIndex
            );
        }
    }

    private function generateCategories(
        Category $parentCategory,
        $categoriesNumberOnLevel,
        $nestingLevel,
        &$categoryIndex
    ) {
        $maxCategoriesNumberOnLevel = $nestingLevel === 1 ? $this->categoriesNumber : $categoriesNumberOnLevel;
        for ($i = 0; $i < $maxCategoriesNumberOnLevel && $categoryIndex <= $this->categoriesNumber; $i++) {
            try {
                $category = clone $parentCategory;
                $category->setId(null)
                    ->setUrlKey(null)
                    ->setUrlPath(null)
                    ->setName($this->getCategoryName($parentCategory, $nestingLevel, $i))
                    ->setParentId($parentCategory->getId())
                    ->setLevel($parentCategory->getLevel() + 1)
                    ->setAvailableSortBy('name')
                    ->setIsAnchor($nestingLevel <= 2)
                    ->setDefaultSortBy('name')
                    ->setIsActive(true);
                $category->save();
                $categoryIndex++;
                if ($nestingLevel < $this->maxNestingLevel) {
                    $this->generateCategories(
                        $category,
                        $categoriesNumberOnLevel,
                        $nestingLevel + 1,
                        $categoryIndex
                    );
                }
            } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\AlreadyExistsException $e) {
                $categoryIndex++;
                continue;
            } catch (\Magento\Framework\DB\Adapter\DuplicateException $e) {
                $categoryIndex++;
                continue;
            }
        }
    }

    private function getCategoryName($parentCategory, $nestingLevel, $index)
    {
        $categoryNameSuffix = $nestingLevel === 1 ? $this->getFirstLevelCategoryIndex() + $index : $index + 1;
        return ($nestingLevel === 1 ? $this->getCategoryPrefix() . ' ' : $parentCategory->getName() . '.')
            . $categoryNameSuffix;
    }

    private function getRootCategoriesIds()
    {
        if (null === $this->rootCategoriesIds) {
            $this->rootCategoriesIds = [];
            foreach ($this->storeManager->getGroups() as $storeGroup) {
                $this->rootCategoriesIds[] = $storeGroup->getRootCategoryId();
                // in this case root category will be the same for all store groups
                if ((bool)$this->fixtureModel->getValue('assign_entities_to_all_websites', false)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return $this->rootCategoriesIds;
    }

    private function getCategoriesAmount()
    {
        $categoriesAmount = $this->collectionFactory->create()->getSize();
        $rootCategories = count($this->getRootCategoriesIds());
        $categoriesNumber = $this->fixtureModel->getValue('categories', 0) - ($categoriesAmount - $rootCategories - 1);

        return max(
            0,
            ceil($categoriesNumber / $rootCategories)
        );
    }

    private function getFirstLevelCategoryIndex()
    {
        if (null === $this->firstLevelCategoryIndex) {
            $this->firstLevelCategoryIndex = $this->collectionFactory->create()
                    ->addFieldToFilter('level', 2)
                    ->getSize() + 1;
        }

        return $this->firstLevelCategoryIndex;
    }

    private function getCategoryPrefix()
    {
        return 'Category';
    }

    public function getActionTitle()
    {
        return 'Generating categories';
    }

    public function introduceParamLabels()
    {
        return [
            'categories' => 'Categories'
        ];
    }
}