ProductCategoryList.php

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<?php
namespace Magento\Catalog\Model;

use Magento\Framework\DB\Select;
use Magento\Framework\DB\Sql\UnionExpression;
use Magento\Framework\App\ObjectManager;
use Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Indexer\Category\Product\TableMaintainer;

class ProductCategoryList
{
    private $categoryIdList = [];

    private $productResource;

    private $category;

    private $storeManager;

    private $tableMaintainer;

    public function __construct(
        ResourceModel\Product $productResource,
        ResourceModel\Category $category,
        StoreManagerInterface $storeManager = null,
        TableMaintainer $tableMaintainer = null
    ) {
        $this->productResource = $productResource;
        $this->category = $category;
        $this->tableMaintainer = $tableMaintainer ?: ObjectManager::getInstance()->get(TableMaintainer::class);
        $this->storeManager = $storeManager ?: ObjectManager::getInstance()->get(StoreManagerInterface::class);
    }

    public function getCategoryIds($productId)
    {
        if (!isset($this->categoryIdList[$productId])) {
            $unionTables[] = $this->getCategorySelect($productId, $this->category->getCategoryProductTable());
            foreach ($this->storeManager->getStores() as $store) {
                $unionTables[] = $this->getCategorySelect(
                    $productId,
                    $this->tableMaintainer->getMainTable($store->getId())
                );
            }
            $unionSelect = new UnionExpression(
                $unionTables,
                Select::SQL_UNION_ALL
            );

            $this->categoryIdList[$productId] = $this->productResource->getConnection()->fetchCol($unionSelect);
        }

        return $this->categoryIdList[$productId];
    }

    public function getCategorySelect($productId, $tableName)
    {
        return $this->productResource->getConnection()->select()->from(
            $tableName,
            ['category_id']
        )->where(
            'product_id = ?',
            $productId
        );
    }
}